DIRECTIONS:
1.
Select
a new page in your Spiral lab notebook.
2.
Press
hard (with a blue or black pen only – NO
PENCIL OR FELT TIPPED PEN) when writing in your Spiral lab manual.
3.
Fill
in the top portion of the first page only. Take the following steps:
step 1 – print your last name followed by
printing your first name in the box entitled NAME;
step 2- Place the name Honors
Chemistry Chapter 14 Overview in the box entitled EXPERIMENT/SUBJECT; step 3 – leave EXP
NUMBER blank;
step 4 – Place the due date 7 MARCH 2008 in the box entitled DATE; step 5 – leave LAB
PARTNER and LOCKER/DESK NO. blank; step 6 – place Honors Chemistry period ___, what
number? ___ (press hard) in the box labeled COURSE AND SECTION NO.
4.
Read
Chapter 12 and summarize what you read using this outline as a guide.
5.
Chapter
12 Overview is due:
FRIDAY 7 MARCH 2008
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REMINDER
– GRADING SYLLABUS: BASED UPON CLARITY AND NEATNESS
1.
A
= THREE PAGES
2.
B
= TWO PAGES
3.
C
= ONE PAGE
***********************
CHAPTER 12 OUTLINE
***********************
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CONVERTING
AMONGST SOLIDS, LIQUID, AND GASES
-
GASEOUS
STATES EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PROPERTIES FROM SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS.
-
THE
NORMAL BOILING POINT OF A LIQUID CHANGING TO A GAS OCCURS AT 1 ATMOSPHERE
(atm).
-
THE
NORMAL FREEZING POINT OF A LIQUID OCCURS AT 1 ATOMSPHERE (atm) FOR WATER AS A
LIQUID CHANGING TO A SOLID.
-
THE
NORMAL FREEZING POINT AND NORMAL BOILING POINT ARE PHYSICAL AND NOT CHEMICAL
CHANGES.
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ENERGY AS A
FORCE
-
ENERGY
IS REQUIRED TO CHANGE A SOLID TO A LIQUID AND THEN TO A GAS.
-
ENERGY
IS USED TO OVERCOME THE FORCES AMONGST MOLEUCLES IN THE LIQUID STATE OR SOLID
STATE.
-
THE
MOLAR HEAT OF FUSION IS THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO MELT 1 MOLE OF A SUBSTACNE AND
THE MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION IS THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO CHANGE 1 MOLE OF A
LIQUID TO A GASEUS SUBSTANCE.
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INTERMEDIATE
FORCES OF ENERGY
-
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
INTERACTIUONS OCCUR WITH HYDROGEN BONDING IN MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN HYDROGEN
BONDING TO A VERY ELECTRONEGATIVE ELEMENT SUCH AS N, O, OR F.
-
LONDON
DISPERDON FORCES WHEN INSTANTEOUS DIPOLES OR NONPOLAR MOLECULES LEAD TO
RELATIVELY WEAK ATTRACTIONS.
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CHANGES IN A
LIQUID
-
CHANGE
OF A LIQUID TO A VAPOR IS CALLED VAPORIZATION OR EVAPORATION.
-
CHANGE
OF VAPOR MOLECULES TO A LIQUID CALLED CONDENSATION.
-
VAPOR
PRESSURE IN A CLOSED CONTAINER OCCURS WHEN THE PRESSURE OF THE VAPOR OVER ITS
LIQUID REACHES A CONSTANT VALUE.
á CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
-
THREE
TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS CONTAIN HIGHLY REGULAR ARRANGEMENTS.
-
THE
1ST TYPE IS AN IONIC SOLID THAT HAVE IONS PACKED TOGETHER IN A WAY
THAT MAXIMIZES THE ATTRACTION OF OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS AND MINIMIZES THE
REPULSION AMONGST IDENTICALLY CHARGED IIONS.
-
THE
2ND TYPE IS A MOLECULAR SOLID THAT IS HELD TOGETHER BY DIPOLE-DIPOLE
ATTRACTIONS IF THE MOLECULES ARE POLAR AND BY LONDON DISPOERSION FORCES IF THE
MOLECULES ARE NONPOLAR.
-
THE
3RD TYPE IS AN ATOMIC SOLID IS HELD TOGETHER BY COVALENT BONDING
FORCES OR LONDON DISPERSION FORCES, DEPENDING ON THE ATOMS PRESENT.